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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal, see <a href="Behavior_Modification_(journal)" title="Behavior Modification (journal)">Behavior Modification (journal)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Behavioural influences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Obedience" title="Obedience">Obedience</a></li>

<li><a href="Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">Compliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a>

<li><a href="Social_perception" title="Social perception">Social perception</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Attribution_(psychology)" title="Attribution (psychology)">Attribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-perception">Self-perception</a></li></ul></td>

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<p><b>Behavior modification</b> is a treatment approach that uses <a href="Respondent_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Respondent conditioning">respondent</a> and <a href="Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">operant conditioning</a> to change behavior. Based on <a href="Methodological_behaviorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodological behaviorism">methodological behaviorism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Annualreviewbehaviortherapy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annualreviewbehaviortherapy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overt behavior is modified with (antecedent) <a href="Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">stimulus control</a> and consequences, including positive and negative <a href="Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">reinforcement</a> contingencies to increase desirable behavior, as well as positive and negative <a href="Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a>, and <a href="Extinction_(psychology)" title="Extinction (psychology)">extinction</a> to reduce problematic behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Mace1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mace1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pelios1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelios1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MaceCritchfield2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaceCritchfield2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Contemporary applications of behavior modification include <a href="Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a> (ABA), behavior therapy, <a href="Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">exposure therapy</a>, and <a href="Cognitive-behavioral_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive-behavioral therapy">cognitive-behavioral therapy</a>. Since the inception of behavior modification, significant and substantial advancements have been made to focus on the function of behavior, choice, cultural sensitivity, compassion, equity, and quality of life (QoL).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paradigm shifts have been made since the inception of behavior modification, and these changes are focused on the dignity of the individual receiving treatment,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and found in today's graduate training programs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_history">Description and history</h2></div>

<p>The first use of the term behavior modification appears to have been by <a href="Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> in 1911. His article <i>Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning</i> makes frequent use of the term "modifying behavior".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through early research in the 1940s and the 1950s the term was used by <a href="Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a>'s research group.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experimental tradition in clinical psychology used it to refer to psycho-therapeutic techniques derived from empirical research.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, behavior modification operated on stimulus-response-reinforcement framework (S-R-S<sup>R</sup>), emphasizing the concept of '<a href="Transactional_analysis" title="Transactional analysis">transactional</a>' explanations of behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has since come to refer mainly to techniques for increasing adaptive behavior through reinforcement and decreasing maladaptive behavior through extinction or punishment (with emphasis on the former). Furthermore, <a href="B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a> proposed the concept of reinforcement and punishment through his behaviorism theory, which suggested that humans are susceptible to changes based under reinforcement or punishment-based stimuli that can alter their behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evaluations of each of these analysts helped to shape the foundation of behavioral modification and how it can utilized to alter certain behaviors.

</p><p>In recent years, the concept of <a href="Punishment_(psychology)" title="Punishment (psychology)">punishment</a> has had many critics, though these criticisms tend not to apply to negative punishment (time-outs) and usually apply to the addition of some aversive event. The use of <a href="Positive_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive punishment">positive punishment</a> by board certified behavior analysts is restricted to extreme circumstances when all other forms of treatment have failed and when the behavior to be modified is a danger to the person or to others (see <a href="Professional_practice_of_behavior_analysis" title="Professional practice of behavior analysis">professional practice of behavior analysis</a>). In clinical settings positive punishment is usually restricted to using a spray bottle filled with water as an aversive event. When misused, more aversive punishment can lead to affective (emotional) disorders, as well as to the receiver of the punishment increasingly trying to avoid the punishment (i.e., "not get caught").

</p><p>Behavior modification can also be applied to areas of study in habitual formation and in the classroom. According to a study done in 2021, behavioral modification techniques were tested with individuals with habits and saw positive change.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there is still much research to be done on understanding different techniques of behavioral modification and how it can be implemented, it can be used in classrooms as well in a form of teaching. In an educational setting, behavioral modification such as reinforcement or punishment are often provided automatically or manually by secondary school teachers and can have varying outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The further implementation of behavioral modification techniques in the classroom and their effectiveness could imply more positive outcomes for students in the future if more research is completed.

</p><p>Behavior modification relies on the following:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">Reinforcement</a> (positive and negative)</li>

<li><a href="Punishment_(psychology)" title="Punishment (psychology)">Punishment</a> (positive and negative)</li>

<li><a href="Extinction_(psychology)" title="Extinction (psychology)">Extinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li>

<li><a href="Applied_behavior_analysis#Fading" title="Applied behavior analysis">Fading</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li></ul>

<p>The usage of techniques such as reinforcement, punishment, and extinction point to a similarity between operant conditioning and behavioral modification. <a href="Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">Operant conditioning</a> relies on the effects of rewards and punishment, and this can be intertwined within the confines of behavioral modification in regards to treating children in school settings.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas_of_effectiveness">Areas of effectiveness</h2></div>

<p><a href="Functional_analysis_(psychology)" title="Functional analysis (psychology)">Functional behavior assessment</a> forms the core of <a href="Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a>, and this technology was not part of behavior modification. A Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) is a systematic process used to identify the underlying causes and functions of challenging behaviors. Unlike traditional behavior modification, which often focused solely on altering the behavior itself, FBA seeks to understand the reasons behind a behavior by examining the environmental, social, and psychological factors that contribute to it. The FBA process involves several steps: defining the problematic behavior in observable and measurable terms, collecting data through direct observation, interviews, and review of records, identifying patterns and triggers, hypothesizing the function of the behavior, and developing intervention strategies based on these hypotheses.

</p><p>The importance of FBA lies in its comprehensive and individualized approach. By understanding the function of a behavior, interventions can be tailored to address the root cause rather than just the symptoms. This leads to more effective and lasting behavior change. For example, if a behavior is identified as a way for an individual to escape a difficult task, the intervention might include teaching more appropriate ways to request a break or modifying the task to make it more manageable. In contrast, traditional behavior modification might only attempt to suppress the escape behavior without addressing the underlying issue, which could lead to frustration and the emergence of other problematic behaviors.

</p><p>Additionally, FBA emphasizes a positive and proactive approach, focusing on teaching alternative, contextually appropriate behaviors and modifying the environment to support these behaviors design to support QoL. This stands in contrast to the often punitive nature of previous behavior modification techniques. Overall, FBA represents a more humane and effective method for understanding and addressing challenging behaviors, leading to improved outcomes for individuals.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_with_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder">People with Autism Spectrum Disorder</h3></div>

<p>Professionals use this science of behavior modification often with individuals with <a href="Autism_Spectrum_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism Spectrum Disorder">Autism Spectrum Disorder</a> (ASD). The purpose of behavior modification for these people is to work on increasing socially significant behavior such as academic skills, adaptive skills, social skills, and vocational skills, while decreasing problem behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main issues behavior modification addresses is deficits in communication skills that cause problem behaviors such as crying, screaming, falling, and hitting in those with autism.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One of the main forms of behavior modification used with people who have ASD is <a href="Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a> (ABA).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applied behavior analysis is a form of behavior modification that has a specific framework and ethical rules, and it has gained popularity in the field of psychology over the past 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_with_ADHD">Children with ADHD</h3></div>

<p>For children with <a href="Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), one study showed that over a several-year period, children in the behavior modification group had half the number of felony arrests as children in the medication group.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings have yet to be replicated, but are considered encouraging for the use of behavior modification for children with ADHD. There is strong and consistent evidence that behavioral treatments are effective for treating ADHD. A 2008 <a href="Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> found that the use of behavior modification for ADHD resulted in effect sizes in between group studies (.83), pre-post studies (.70), within group studies (2.64), and single subject studies (3.78) indicating behavioral treatments are highly effective.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncontrollable_diabetes_Type_2">Uncontrollable diabetes Type 2</h3></div>

<p>Drawing upon Bandura's <a href="Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a> theory, which has proven effective in programs aimed at promoting health-related behavioral modifications in adults with diabetes, various interventions have been implemented. These interventions incorporate group counseling, group discussions, and an empowerment process, all geared towards encouraging individuals to adopt healthy dietary practices, adhere to medication regimens, and engage in regular exercise, with the goal of improving glycemic levels. Notably, the outcomes of these programs have demonstrated promising advancements, with improvements observed in self-efficacy and trends towards significance in hemoglobin A1c levels.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_treatment">Residential treatment</h3></div>

<p>Behavior modification programs form the core of many residential <a href="Behavior_Modification_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior Modification Facility">treatment facility</a> programs. They have shown success in reducing recidivism for adolescents with conduct problems and adult offenders. One particular program that is of interest is <i>teaching-family homes</i> (see <a href="Teaching_Family_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching Family Model">Teaching Family Model</a>), which is based on a social learning model that emerged from <a href="Radical_behaviorism" title="Radical behaviorism">radical behaviorism</a>. These particular homes use a family style approach to residential treatment, which has been carefully replicated over 700 times.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent efforts have seen a push for the inclusion of more behavior modification programs in residential re-entry programs in the U.S. to aid prisoners in re-adjusting after release.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight_loss_outcomes">Weight loss outcomes</h3></div>

<p>Research has shown effectiveness for obese people who binge eat. One program called the Trevose Behavior Modification Program (TBMP) is an accessible self-help weight loss program that emphasizes ongoing care. TBMP, administered and directed by non-professionals, has demonstrated remarkable success in facilitating substantial and lasting weight loss. This program not only offers the advantage of being cost-effective but also provides continuous support. Notably, individuals with and without frequent binge eating have achieved significant long-term weight loss through TBMP's continuing care approach.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addictions">Addictions</h3></div>

<p>One area that has repeatedly shown effectiveness has been the work of <a href="Behaviorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviorist">behaviorists</a> working in the area of community reinforcement for <a href="Addiction" title="Addiction">addictions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression">Depression</h3></div>

<p>Another area of research that has been strongly supported has been behavioral activation for <a href="Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One way of giving positive reinforcement in behavior modification is in providing compliments, approval, encouragement, and affirmation; a ratio of five compliments for every one complaint is generally seen as being <a href="Effective" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective">effective</a> in altering behavior in a desired manner<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even in producing stable marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_early_behavior_modification_approaches">Criticism of early behavior modification approaches</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy#Criticisms" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy § Criticisms</a>, and <a href="Psychotherapy#General_critiques" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy § General critiques</a></div>

<p>Behavior modification is critiqued in person-centered psychotherapeutic approaches such as <a href="Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Rogerian Counseling</a> and <a href="Re-evaluation_Counseling" class="mw-redirect" title="Re-evaluation Counseling">Re-evaluation Counseling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which involve "connecting with the human qualities of the person to promote healing", while behaviorism is "denigrating to the human spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="B.F._Skinner" class="mw-redirect" title="B.F. Skinner">B.F. Skinner</a> argues in <i><a href="Beyond_Freedom_and_Dignity" title="Beyond Freedom and Dignity">Beyond Freedom and Dignity</a></i> that unrestricted reinforcement is what led to the "feeling of freedom", thus removal of aversive events allows people to "feel freer".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further criticism extends to the presumption that behavior increases only when it is reinforced. This premise is at odds with research conducted by <a href="Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a> at Stanford University. His findings indicate that violent behavior is imitated, without being reinforced, in studies conducted with children watching films showing various individuals "beating the daylights out of Bobo". Bandura believes that human personality and learning is the result of the interaction between environment, behavior and psychological process. There is evidence, however, that imitation is a class of behavior that can be learned just like anything else. Children have been shown to imitate behavior that they have never displayed before and are never reinforced for, after being taught to imitate in general.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Based on the early improper use of behavior modification techniques, substantial emphasis has been placed on the importance of ethics and licensure.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethics is paramount because it ensures that practitioners prioritize the well-being, dignity, and rights of their clients. Given the vulnerable populations often served by ABA professionals, such as individuals with developmental disabilities, maintaining high ethical standards helps prevent exploitation, harm, and abuse. In today's era, The Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) Code of Ethics is a comprehensive framework that guides behavior analysts in their professional conduct. For instance, Code 1.04 emphasizes the importance of integrity, urging behavior analysts to be honest and truthful in their professional dealings. Code 2.01 mandates the prioritization of client dignity and welfare, ensuring that the client's needs come first. Code 2.06 requires informed consent, meaning clients must be fully aware of and agree to the interventions used. Confidentiality is protected under Code 2.07, which ensures that all client information is kept private and secure. Additionally, Code 3.01 stresses the necessity of providing evidence-based treatments, ensuring interventions are scientifically supported and effective. By adhering to these and other ethical guidelines, behavior analysts foster trust, promote positive outcomes, and uphold the integrity of the field.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Behavioural change theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change (public health)</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavior_management" title="Behavior management">Behavior management</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavior_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior therapy">Behavior therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Covert_conditioning" title="Covert conditioning">Covert conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Decoupling_for_body-focused_repetitive_behaviors" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoupling for body-focused repetitive behaviors">Decoupling for body-focused repetitive behaviors</a></li>

<li><a href="Habit_reversal_training" title="Habit reversal training">Habit reversal training</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain_model_of_behaviour_management" title="Pain model of behaviour management">Pain model of behaviour management</a></li>

<li><a href="Positive_behavior_interventions_and_supports" title="Positive behavior interventions and supports">Positive behavior interventions and supports</a></li>

<li><a href="Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMatsonTuryginBeighleyRieske2012" class="citation journal cs1">Matson, Johnny L.; Turygin, Nicole C.; Beighley, Jennifer; Rieske, Robert; Tureck, Kimberly; Matson, Michael L. (2012-01-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1750946711000778">"Applied behavior analysis in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Recent developments, strengths, and pitfalls"</a></span>. <i>Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">144–</span>150. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rasd.2011.03.014">10.1016/j.rasd.2011.03.014</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1750-9467">1750-9467</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDenneHastingsCarl_HughesBovellc2011" class="citation journal cs1">Denne, Louise D.; Hastings, Richard p.; Carl Hughes, J.; Bovellc, Virginia; Redford, Linda (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15021149.2011.11434365">"Developing a Competence Framework for ABA and Autism: What Can we Learn From Others?"</a></span>. <i>European Journal of Behavior Analysis</i>. <b>12</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">217–</span>230. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15021149.2011.11434365">10.1080/15021149.2011.11434365</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1502-1149">1502-1149</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSatterfieldSatterfieldSchell1987" class="citation journal cs1">Satterfield, J. H.; Satterfield, B. T.; Schell, A. M. (1987). "Therapeutic interventions to prevent delinquency in hyperactive boys". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">56–</span>64. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004583-198701000-00012">10.1097/00004583-198701000-00012</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3584002">3584002</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSatterfieldSchell1997" class="citation journal cs1">Satterfield, J. H.; Schell, A. (1997). "A prospective study of hyperactive boys with conduct problems and normal boys: Adolescent and adult criminality". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</i>. <b>36</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1726–</span>35. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004583-199712000-00021">10.1097/00004583-199712000-00021</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9401334">9401334</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFabianoPelham_Jr.ColesGnagy2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fabiano, G. A.; Pelham Jr., W. E.; Coles, E. K.; Gnagy, E. M.; Chronis-Tuscano, A.; O'Connor, B. C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cpr.2008.11.001">"A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"</a>. <i>Clinical Psychology Review</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>40. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cpr.2008.11.001">10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19131150">19131150</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOunnapirukWirojratanaMeehatchaiTurale2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ounnapiruk, Liwan; Wirojratana, Virapun; Meehatchai, Nitaya; Turale, Sue (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12089">"Effectiveness of a behavior modification program for older people with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes"</a></span>. <i>Nursing & Health Sciences</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">216–</span>223. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnhs.12089">10.1111/nhs.12089</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23991917">23991917</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dean L. Fixsen, Karen A. Blasé, Gary D. Timbers and Montrose M. Wolf (2007) In Search of Program Implementation: 792 Replications of the Teaching-Family Model. <i>Behavior Analyst Today</i> Volume 8, No. 1, pp. 96–106 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baojournal.com">Behavior Analyst Online</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDelinskyLatnerWilson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Delinsky, Sherrie Selwyn; Latner, Janet D.; Wilson, G. Terence (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Foby.2006.141">"Binge Eating and Weight Loss in a Self-Help Behavior Modification Program"</a>. <i>Obesity</i>. <b>14</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1244–</span>1249. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Foby.2006.141">10.1038/oby.2006.141</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16899805">16899805</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1363953">1363953</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milford, J.L.; Austin, J.L.; Smith, J.E. (2007). Community Reinforcement and the Dissemination of Evidence-based Practice: Implications for Public Policy. <i>IJBCT</i>, 3(1), pp. 77–87 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.baojournal.com">[1]</a>)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSpatesPagotoKalata2006" class="citation journal cs1">Spates, R.C.; Pagoto, S.; Kalata, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baojournal.com">"A Qualitative and Quantitative Review of Behavioral Activation Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder"</a>. <i>The Behavior Analyst Today</i>. <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">508–</span>17. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0100089">10.1037/h0100089</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3337916">3337916</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKirkhartKirkhart1972" class="citation book cs1">Kirkhart, Robert; Kirkhart, Evelyn (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childhisimagesel0000unse">"The Bruised Self: Mending in the Early Years"</a></span>. In Yamamoto, Kaoru (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childhisimagesel0000unse"><i>The Child and His File: Self Concept in the Early Years</i></a></span>. New York: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-395-12571-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGottmanLevenson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gottman, J.M.; Levenson, R.W. (1999). "What predicts change in marital interaction over time? A study of alternative models". <i>Family Process</i>. <b>38</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>58. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1545-5300.1999.00143.x">10.1111/j.1545-5300.1999.00143.x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10407716">10407716</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rc.org/">"Re-evaluation Counseling"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1976" class="citation journal cs1">Holland, J.L. (1976). "A new synthesis for an old method and a new analysis of some old phenomena". <i>The Counseling Psychologist</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">12–</span>15. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001100007600600303">10.1177/001100007600600303</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143031073">143031073</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner1974" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, B. F. (1974). <i>Beyond Freedom and Dignity</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Baer, R.F.; Peterson, J.A. Sherman Psychological Modeling: Conflicting Theories, 2006 </span>

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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSellersSeniukLichtenbergerCarr2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sellers, Tyra P.; Seniuk, Holly A.; Lichtenberger, Sarah N.; Carr, James E. (2023-05-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40617-023-00803-2">"The History of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board's Ethics Codes"</a>. <i>Behavior Analysis in Practice</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40617-023-00803-2">10.1007/s40617-023-00803-2</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2196-8934">2196-8934</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Behavior_modification" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Behavior modification">Behavior modification</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_(list)213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_(list)213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (<a href="List_of_cognitive%E2%80%93behavioral_therapies" title="List of cognitive–behavioral therapies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Functional_contextualism" title="Functional contextualism">Functional contextualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_frame_theory" title="Relational frame theory">Relational frame theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-as-context" title="Self-as-context">Self-as-context</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Behavior_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior therapy">Behavior therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_activation" title="Behavioral activation">Behavioral activation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_analytic_therapy" title="Cognitive analytic therapy">Cognitive analytic therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_behavioral_analysis_system_of_psychotherapy" title="Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy">Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training" title="Community reinforcement approach and family training">Community reinforcement approach and family training</a></li>

<li><a href="Compassion-focused_therapy" title="Compassion-focused therapy">Compassion-focused therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a></li>

<li><a href="Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a> / <a href="Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Direct_therapeutic_exposure" title="Direct therapeutic exposure">Direct therapeutic exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_and_response_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure and response prevention">Exposure and response prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Flooding_(psychology)" title="Flooding (psychology)">Flooding</a></li>

<li><a href="Prolonged_exposure_therapy" title="Prolonged exposure therapy">Prolonged exposure therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biosocial_theory" title="Biosocial theory">Biosocial theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Distress_tolerance" title="Distress tolerance">Distress tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotional self-regulation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Habit_reversal_training" title="Habit reversal training">Habit reversal training</a></li>

<li><a href="Inference-based_therapy" title="Inference-based therapy">Inference-based therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Metacognitive_therapy" title="Metacognitive therapy">Metacognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Method_of_levels" title="Method of levels">Method of levels</a></li>

<li><a href="Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Relapse_prevention" title="Relapse prevention">Relapse prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Schema_therapy" title="Schema therapy">Schema therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-control_therapy" title="Self-control therapy">Self-control therapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychotherapy184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychotherapy184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">Psychodynamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adlerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlerian">Adlerian therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mentalization-based_treatment" title="Mentalization-based treatment">Mentalization-based treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Transference_focused_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transference focused psychotherapy">Transference focused psychotherapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Behavioral_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral psychotherapy">Cognitive and <br>behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clinical_behavior_analysis" title="Clinical behavior analysis">Clinical behavior analysis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">Focusing</a></li>

<li><a href="Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Person-centered therapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">Dance therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Feminist therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Play_therapy" title="Play therapy">Play therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_therapy_(psychotherapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic therapy (psychotherapy)">Systemic therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transactional_analysis" title="Transactional analysis">Transactional analysis</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integrative_psychotherapy" title="Integrative psychotherapy">Integrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eclectic_psychotherapy" title="Eclectic psychotherapy">Eclectic psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brief_psychotherapy" title="Brief psychotherapy">Brief psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_counseling" title="Online counseling">Online therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_counseling" title="Telephone counseling">Telephone therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Support_group" title="Support group">Support group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clinical_formulation" title="Clinical formulation">Clinical formulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_pluralism" title="Clinical pluralism">Clinical pluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_factors_theory" title="Common factors theory">Common factors theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychotherapy_discontinuation" title="Psychotherapy discontinuation">Discontinuation</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_psychotherapy" title="History of psychotherapy">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Practitioner%E2%80%93scholar_model" title="Practitioner–scholar model">Practitioner–scholar model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Behaviour_therapy" title="Behaviour therapy">Behaviour therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li>

<li><a href="Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">Stimulus control</a></li>

<li><a href="Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Counterconditioning" title="Counterconditioning">Counterconditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a>/<a href="Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individual therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autogenic_training" title="Autogenic training">Autogenic training</a></li>

<li><a href="Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Clean_language" title="Clean language">Clean language</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">Cognitive restructuring</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotion regulation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">Homework</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">Modeling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Co-therapy" title="Co-therapy">Co-therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Couples_therapy" title="Couples therapy">Couples therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensitivity_training" title="Sensitivity training">Sensitivity training</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Donald Winnicott</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li>

<li><a href="Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li>

<li><a href="Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li>

<li><a href="Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Kelly_(psychologist)" title="George Kelly (psychologist)">George Kelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Axline" title="Virginia Axline">Virginia Axline</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Whitaker" title="Carl Whitaker">Carl Whitaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a></li>

<li><a href="Silvano_Arieti" title="Silvano Arieti">Silvano Arieti</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Bugental" title="James Bugental">James Bugental</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a></li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvador_Minuchin" title="Salvador Minuchin">Salvador Minuchin</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li>

<li><a href="Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogden_Lindsley" title="Ogden Lindsley">Ogden Lindsley</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugene_Gendlin" title="Eugene Gendlin">Eugene Gendlin</a></li>

<li><a href="R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Baker_Miller" title="Jean Baker Miller">Jean Baker Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_F._Kernberg" title="Otto F. Kernberg">Otto F. Kernberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathan_Azrin" title="Nathan Azrin">Nathan Azrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Irvin D. Yalom</a></li>

<li><a href="Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorna_Smith_Benjamin" title="Lorna Smith Benjamin">Lorna Smith Benjamin</a></li>

<li><a href="Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Marsha M. Linehan</a></li>

<li><a href="Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Greenberg" title="Les Greenberg">Les Greenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Richard_Miller" title="William Richard Miller">William R. Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_C._Hayes" title="Steven C. Hayes">Steven C. Hayes</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_White_(psychotherapist)" title="Michael White (psychotherapist)">Michael White</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeffrey_Young_(psychologist)" title="Jeffrey Young (psychologist)">Jeffrey Young</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Fonagy" title="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Psychotherapy" title="Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy">Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Applied_Psychophysiology_and_Biofeedback" title="Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback">Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies" title="Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Association_for_Psychotherapy" title="European Association for Psychotherapy">European Association for Psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_for_Psychotherapy_Research" title="Society for Psychotherapy Research">Society for Psychotherapy Research</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Council_for_Psychotherapy" title="World Council for Psychotherapy">World Council for Psychotherapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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